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Abstract

In model organisms, epigenome dynamics underlie a plethora of biological processes. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in development and parasitism in plant-parasitic nematodes remains unknown. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita adapts rapidly to unfavorable conditions, despite its clonal reproduction. This remarkable feature is probably a consequence of its unusual genome structure, but epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone modifications, may also be involved. We studied histone modifications in M. incognita, by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing. The distribution of five histone modifications revealed the existence of strong epigenetic signatures, as in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We investigated their impact on chromatin structure and TE-rich regions and assessed the influence of the chromatin landscape on gene expression at two developmental stages: eggs, and pre-parasitic juveniles. H3K4me3 was strongly correlated with high levels of expression for genes implicated in the biology of M. incognita. We also showed that histone modifications are a component of the regulation of pathogenicity-related genes. In this pioneering study, we establish a comprehensive framework for the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in plant-parasitic nematodes.

Keywords: Histone modifications, Epigenetics, Root-knot nematode, Development, Parasitism.